The 9-Layer AI Stack
From raw materials to end-user applications — every layer of the AI supply chain.
Raw Materials & Mining
Companies extracting and processing rare earth elements, silicon, and other materials essential for semiconductor manufacturing.
Semiconductor Equipment
Manufacturers of the machines used to fabricate chips — lithography, etching, deposition, and inspection systems.
Chip Design & Fabrication
Companies designing and manufacturing GPUs, AI accelerators, and custom silicon that power AI workloads.
Hardware & Systems
Server manufacturers, networking equipment, and power/cooling infrastructure for AI data centers.
Cloud & Compute
Hyperscale cloud providers and GPU cloud platforms delivering on-demand AI compute infrastructure.
Data Infrastructure
Databases, data warehouses, and data pipeline companies enabling the storage and processing of AI training data.
AI Frameworks & Models
Companies building foundation models, training frameworks, and core AI research. Many are still private.
AI Software & Platforms
Enterprise AI platforms, MLOps tools, and AI-powered software infrastructure companies.
AI Applications & Verticals
Companies deploying AI in specific industries — autonomous vehicles, healthcare, robotics, and more.